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31.
Anita Gupta Jingyue Li Reidar Conradi Harald Rønneberg Einar Landre 《Empirical Software Engineering》2009,14(2):227-255
The benefits of software reuse have been studied for many years. Several previous studies have observed that reused software
has a lower defect density than newly built software. However, few studies have investigated empirically the reasons for this
phenomenon. To date, we have only the common sense observation that as software is reused over time, the fixed defects will
accumulate and will result in high-quality software. This paper reports on an industrial case study in a large Norwegian Oil
and Gas company, involving a reused Java class framework and two applications that use that framework. We analyzed all trouble
reports from the use of the framework and the applications according to the Orthogonal Defect Classification (ODC), followed
by a qualitative Root Cause Analysis (RCA). The results reveal that the framework has a much lower defect density in total
than one application and a slightly higher defect density than the other. In addition, the defect densities of the most severe
defects of the reused framework are similar to those of the applications that are reusing it. The results of the ODC and RCA
analyses reveal that systematic reuse (i.e. clearly defined and stable requirements, better design, hesitance to change, and
solid testing) lead to lower defect densities of the functional-type defects in the reused framework than in applications
that are reusing it. However, the different “nature” of the framework and the applications (e.g. interaction with other software,
number and complexity of business logic, and functionality of the software) may confound the causal relationship between systematic
reuse and the lower defect density of the reused software. Using the results of the study as a basis, we present an improved
overall cause–effect model between systematic reuse and lower defect density that will facilitate further studies and implementations
of software reuse.
相似文献
Anita GuptaEmail: |
32.
33.
The purpose of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of calcific deposits that cause the failure of tissue-derived heart valve bioprostheses. This was done in an effort to understand the mechanism of pathologic biomineralization in the cardiovascular system and potentially prevent deterioration of bioprostheses. Calcific deposits taken from 10 failed bioprosthetic valves that had been implanted in patients for 2-13 years were characterized by chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and solubility measurements. The combined results identified the biomineral as an apatitic calcium phosphate salt with substantial incorporation of sodium, magnesium and carbonate. The average Ca/PO4 ratio for this "young" pathologic biomineral was approximately 1.3, considerably lower than approximately 1.7 found in mature atherosclerotic plaque biomineral and mature skeletal biomineral, both of which approximate hydroxyapatite in composition. Deproteinated calcific deposits from bioprostheses had thermodynamic solubilities comparable to those of both atherosclerotic plaque, typical pathologic biomineral and hydrolyzed octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca4H(PO4)3 x 2.5 H2O), a proposed precursor phase to biomineral apatite. This later finding, together with chemical composition and structural details of the bioprosthetic deposits themselves, supports a mechanism of cardiovascular calcification in which OCP plays a crucial role in the formation of the final apatitic phase. This suggests an approach toward prevention of bioprosthetic tissue calcification through control of the formation of the kinetically favored OCP precursor and/or its transformation into bioapatite. 相似文献
34.
Hendrik Voigt Aaron Rigoni Evgeniy Boltynjuk Mohammed Reda Chellali Bonnie Tyler Harald Rösner Sergiy Divinski Horst Hahn Gerhard Wilde 《Advanced functional materials》2023,33(44):2302386
Comprehensive analyses of the atomic structure using advanced analytical transmission electron microscopy-based methods combined with atom probe tomography confirm the presence of distinct glass–glass interfaces in a columnar Cu-Zr nanoglass synthesized by magnetron sputtering. These analyses provide first-time in-depth characterization of sputtered film nanoglasses and indicate that glass–glass interfaces indeed present an amorphous phase with reduced mass density as compared to the neighboring amorphous regions. Moreover, dedicated analyses of the diffusion kinetics by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF SIMS) prove significantly enhanced diffusivity, suggesting fast transport along the low density glass–glass interfaces. The present results further indicate that sputter deposition is a feasible technique for reliable production of nanoglasses and that some of the concepts proposed for this new class of glassy materials are applicable. 相似文献
35.
Yannick Schellander Marius Winter Maurice Schamber Fabian Munkes Patrick Schalberger Harald Kuebler Tilman Pfau Norbert Fruehauf 《Journal of the Society for Information Display》2023,31(5):363-372
In this work, real-time ultraviolet photodetectors are realized through metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structures. Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) is used as semiconductor material and gold as metal electrodes. The readout of an individual sensor is implemented by a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) consisting of an all-enhancement a-IGZO thin-film transistor (TFT) operational amplifier and a switched capacitor (SC) as feedback resistance. The photosensor and the transimpedance amplifier are both manufactured on glass substrates. The measured photosensor possesses a high responsivity R , a low response time t R E S , and a good noise equivalent power value NEP . 相似文献
36.
Decoupling Charge Transport and Electroluminescence in a High Mobility Polymer Semiconductor 下载免费PDF全文
37.
Single‐Molecule Magnets: Giant Hysteresis of Single‐Molecule Magnets Adsorbed on a Nonmagnetic Insulator (Adv. Mater. 26/2016) 下载免费PDF全文
38.
Riley C.M. Lin B.K. Habetler T.G. Schoen R.R. 《Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on》1998,34(6):1240-1245
This paper proposes a method for the sensorless online vibration monitoring of induction machines based on the relationship between the current harmonics in the machine and their related vibration harmonics. Initially, the vibration monitoring system records two baseline measurements of current and vibration with the machine operating under normal conditions. The baseline data is then evaluated to determine the critical frequencies to monitor online. Once these frequencies are determined, the baseline vibration measurement is simply used to scale the current harmonic signal to an estimated vibration level. Based on theoretical analysis, simulation results and the experimental results shown here, a linear relationship between the current harmonics and vibration level can be assumed. The results of two experiments on a three-phase 230 V 10 hp induction motor operating under no load are discussed and show the feasibility of this method for sensorless online vibration monitoring 相似文献
39.
Peter W. Fick E. Harald van Brummelen Kristoffer G. van der Zee 《Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering》2010,199(49-52):3369-3385
The numerical solution of fluid–structure-interaction problems poses a paradox in that most of the computational resources are consumed by the subsystem of least practical interest, viz., the fluid. Goal-oriented adaptive discretization methods provide a paradigm to bypass this paradox. Based on the solution of a dual problem, the contribution of local residuals to the error in a specific goal functional is estimated, and only the regions that yield a dominant contribution are refined. In the present work, we address a fundamental complication in the application of goal-oriented adaptivity to fluid–structure-interaction problems, namely, that the treatment of the interface conditions has nontrivial consequences for the properties of the dual problem. In the context of a linearized model problem, we consider two equivalent discretizations differing only on the formulation of the interface coupling terms. By means of an adjoint consistency analysis, we show that only one of these discretizations is adjoint consistent. Numerical experiments convey that the two discretizations behave very differently for the dual problem, and that the adjoint-consistent discretization yields more reliable error estimates. Based on the adjoint-consistent discretization, we finally present some h- and hp-adaptive results, confirming that tremendous savings in computational cost can be realized through the use of goal-oriented refinement strategies. The numerical experiments illustrate that the goal-oriented approach effectively equilibrates the error contributions of the fluid and structure subsystems, which is imperative for efficiently resolving the coupled fluid–structure-interaction problem, and which cannot be accomplished by uniform or residual-based refinement strategies. 相似文献
40.
Epoxy resin based negative photo resists are showing interesting properties which are useful for a series of applications in electronic industries (Mark et al. in Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, Wiley, New York, 1986; Potter in Epoxide resins, Springer, New York, 1970; May and Tanka in Epoxy resin chemistry and technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1973; Bauer in Epoxy resin chemistry, vol 114, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1979; Hood in RAPRA Rev Rep 38:4, 1990). Especially in micro system technologies they promise a high potential. To adjust the properties for the particular application modification of the chemical composition and crosslinker system must be performed. An actual problem is the constancy in behaviour during the LIGA-process of the resist mixture. In this work analytical techniques are used to get a detailed insight into the chemical composition of a commercial available epoxy novolac resin. Methods like size exclusion chromatography (SEC), matrix assisted laser desorption-time of flight (MALDI-ToF) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) offer information about the molecular weight and functionality. The results reveal a distribution in molecular weight and functionality. Due this the resin was chemically modified. After processing a dependency of molecular weight and therefore the amount of epoxy groups existent was obtained. 相似文献